What is described as an excessive loss of blood in a short time?

An excessive loss of blood in a short time is termed hemorrhage. This condition can occur due to various factors, including trauma, surgical complications, or medical conditions that affect blood clotting. Hemorrhage can be external, where blood is lost from the body through a wound, or internal, where blood is lost within the body cavity. This loss can lead to shock, organ failure, and potentially be life-threatening if not addressed promptly.

The other terms listed refer to different conditions: hematoma describes a localized collection of blood outside of blood vessels, typically resulting from injury. Hemoptysis refers to coughing up blood from the respiratory tract, while hematuria signifies the presence of blood in urine. These terms do not encompass the concept of rapid blood loss as described in the question.